Protecting and Preserving Our Environment Essay Example for Free

Securing and Preserving Our Environment Essay At WD, we perceive the need to safeguard and ensure the earth’s crucial characteristic assets. We accept that piece of being a decent corporate resident and a decent neighbor is keeping up or improving the neatness of the air, water and place where there is the areas in which we work. Thus, our offices all through the world conform to material ecological laws and guidelines, and each has created and executed an exhaustive arrangement of practices intended to guarantee proceeded with consistence. What's more, we consistently survey our tasks and procedures to recognize openings which permit us to lessen or reuse results produced by our exercises. We are likewise worried about securing the characteristic assets of the networks in which our items are sold and utilized. We audit the substance of the items we fabricate and have built up projects to dispense with or eliminate the utilization of specific materials limited by worldwide enactment. We have likewise started offering available to be purchased a line of items explicitly intended to lessen the ecological effect coming about because of their utilization. The entirety of our assembling offices in Asia have ecological administration frameworks set up which are ISO 14001 guaranteed. Every office has a far reaching strategy and set of supporting techniques tending to ecological grants, contamination anticipation, perilous substances, wastewater and strong squanders, airborne outflows and item content. Our arrangements express a guarantee to proceeded with progress, and to this end, we survey the status of our natural administration frameworks at any rate yearly. The entirety of our assembling offices have natural masters nearby, and we give preparing programs on ecological practices for workers whose activity obligations sway our natural administration frameworks. Moreover, the entirety of our offices give clear composed bearing to all representatives and laborers in dialects fitting to each site in regards to necessities and duties regarding ecological practices as per organization strategy. Consistence with RoHS and WEEE Directives WD items fabricated and sold worldwide after August 1, 2005, meet or surpass Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) consistence prerequisites as ordered by the European Union for electrical and electronic items. The RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament, which was successful in the EU starting July 1, 2006, expects to secure human wellbeing and the earth by confining the utilization of certain risky substances in new gear, and comprises of limitations on lead, mercury, cadmium, and different substances. The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) order was created to limit the removal of electrical and electronic gear into landfills. WD hard drive items and bundling remember the WEEE image for help of this mandate. Provider Compliance WD has directed and keeps on leading broad tests with respect to utilization of ecological consistent material on the entirety of our parts. WD requires all segment providers meet WD’s natural Specification, named â€Å"WD’s Environmental Guidelines for Materials, Components and Products.† This 20-page Specification presents the greatest edge limits for confined, restricted and oversaw substances and expects providers to hold fast to every single pertinent law. Also, the Specification expresses that all WD providers and sub-providers will be required to finish ecological presentation structures for every single new material and segments dependent on a mix of information on their approaching crude materials, process survey and their own explanatory testing and accreditation information. Providers are required to keep up archived records, made accessible to Western Digital, showing which measures are utilized to guarantee consistence to the Specification. We audit all suppliers’ Declarations of consistence with WDs ecological Specification during the dispatch of each new hard drive program and furthermore track this along with an outsider Analytical lab information by segment in our Environmental Compliance database. Likewise, we keep up severe necessities concerning Supplier Process/Material Change demands. Providers are additionally required to track their in procedure tests to guarantee consistence to the affirmed Process Management Plan and affirmed materials. These are normally reviewed by WD. Ozone depleting substance Emissions Worldwide environmental change, brought about by expanding convergences of barometrical carbon dioxide, is one of the most critical concerns confronting our present reality. As a corporate resident, WD is especially delicate with the impacts of worldwide environmental change. The need to comprehend the study of environmental change and to detail suitable strategy to address logical discoveries is escalating as time passes. To see WD’s Greenhouse Gas report, click here. QA for Environmental and Hazardous Materials Ecological QDoes Western Digital have the executives delegates liable for guaranteeing consistence regarding ecological laws, guidelines and codes? AYes. Western Digital has the board agents at all basic destinations whose center duty is checking, conveying and preparing representatives in all parts of ecological consistence as identified with the particular office. QDo Western Digital’s offices get intermittent reviews of natural practices so as to evaluate conformance with administrative and different necessities? AYes. Western Digital behaviors both inner and outer reviews to assess its consistence with pertinent natural laws and guidelines. QWhat kinds of approaches, rules or strategies does Western Digital keep up comparative with natural projects? AWestern Digital keeps up natural polices, rules or potentially techniques which address ecological grants, contamination anticipation, unsafe substances, fluid waste, strong waste, air emanation controls and item content. The substance of these projects is conveyed to our worker populace using different configurations remembering for individual preparing, electronic preparing, eye to eye interchanges, postings and notices. All projects are imparted in different dialects proper to the worker populace of every one of our offices to protect that all representatives have an away from of the projects. QDoes Western Digital spot legally binding prerequisites on its providers to be in consistence with ecological laws, guidelines and sets of principles? AYes. At whatever point conceivable, Western Digital executes contracts with its providers which require, in addition to other things, that the providers conform to all pertinent and appropriate natural laws and guidelines. QIs Western Digital required to keep up certain natural allows in the tasks of its offices? AYes. Western Digital is required to keep up certain natural allows as identified with the tasks of its offices. In view of the geology and the tasks, grants might be required for concoction dealing with and capacity, squander treatment, wastewater release, air discharges and capacity tanks. QDoes Western Digital make accessible Material Data Safety Sheets (MSDS) to laborers that handle synthetic compounds? AYes. Western Digital makes MSDS sheets accessible to workers on location at all of its offices. Likewise, Western Digital agreements for OnCall MSDS data locally. Perilous Materials QDoes Western Digital utilize perilous materials in its assembling procedure? AYes. Western Digital uses an assortment of unsafe materials in its assembling tasks. Groupings of perilous materials incorporate flammables, combustibles, corrosives and harmful gases. QHow does Western Digital store synthetic compounds at its offices? AWestern Digital stores every single unsafe material in consistence with pertinent laws and guidelines. Capacity territories are made sure about and secured containing different kinds of compartments including bottles, chambers, drums and other endorsed vessels with the suitable sort of marking and control as required or suggested by codes, guidelines and different specialists. QDoes Western Digital create squanders that are named unsafe squanders? AYes. Western Digital produces different sorts and amounts of perilous squanders. All squanders are discarded in consistence with appropriate law, and we consistently review our risky waste haulers and their offices. QDoes Western Digital have a program or systems for the board of risky waste? AYes. Western Digital has an assortment of projects and methodology for the administration of its risky waste. These incorporate observing, portrayal, treatment, transformation and mien. All squanders are discarded in consistence with relevant law, and we routinely review our perilous waste haulers and their offices. QDoes Western Digital have a site explicit administration framework enrolled to ISO 14001, OSHAS 18001, or other perceived wellbeing and security or ecological administration gauges? AYes. Western Digital production lines in Malaysia and Thailand keep up the board frameworks which have earned the ISO 14001 and OSHAS 18001 assignment. QDoes Western Digital have projects or strategies to lessen or dispense with contamination and waste in its tasks? AWestern Digital is continually searching for approaches to dispose of or lessen contamination or waste produced by our tasks. Among the projects we consider are dissolvable re-use or end, process waste and emanation minimization, bundling decrease, reusing or end just as decreases in ozone depleting substance (GHG) discharges. QDoes Western Digital have projects or strategies to decrease the utilization of vitality, water and other regular assets in its activities? AWestern Digital is continually searching for approaches to diminish vitality and other characteristic asset utilization in our tasks. Among the projects we consider are

Quebec essays

Quebec papers Quebec is the biggest and most established territory in Canada. Having been found in 1763. The French colonized there in the mid 1600s and the greater part of the populace today is as yet French in both language and beginning. Quebecs absolute territory is 594,705 square miles. That equivalents to 15.4% of Canadas absolute land mass. Quebec is separated into three physiographic districts, the Laurentian Plateau in the north; the Appalachian Highlands in the southeast; and the St.Lawrence Lowlands in the south. On the outskirts of Quebec is the United States, Ontario, Newfoundland, and New Brunswick. The Laurentian Plateau covers nine tenths of the region. It is an enormous level somewhat slanted towards James and Hudson Bays. Mont DIberville is the most elevated top in both Quebec and Labrador, at 5,420 feet. Pinnacles northwest of Montreal, in Mont Tremblent Park arrive at 3,900 feet. The level has incredible measures of minerals, woods, and water assets. The Appalachian Highlands c omprise of a progression of edges corresponding toward the south shore of the St.Lawrence River. Souther Quebecs most noteworthy pinnacle, Mont Jacques Cartier ascends in the SchickShock Mountains of the Gaspe, at 4,095. The Appalachian Highlands are rich. There are numerous waterways in the territory of Quebec. Beginning from the Great Manicougan River to the Caniapiseau River. In Northern Quebec, water assets are extremely abundant, with its a great many lakes and lakes. The St.Lawrence River is a significant section to the oceans for large big haulers that runs directly through Quebec city. Quebec has large mining organizations. From iron mineral to asbestos. They utilize the St.Lawrence to send out these materials. Quebec likewise has huge hydro-electrical force plants. They utilize the streams, for example, the Manicougan to create power for Canada and parts of the United States. On the Manicougan River, there are five or six distinctive hydro-electric dams, with hyper five being simply the greatest held dam on the planet. ... <!

Social Identity

Social Identity Social Identity Home›Research Posts›Social Identity Research PostsSocial identity can be identified as a social glue which enables individuals relate to their ingroup and make prominent continuing efforts on behalf of the collective society. Identifying with a social group has lead to many consequences. Researchers have observed and outlined the following.Researchers, year                                                                                                                                     Consequence observedGagnon Bourhis, 1996                                                                                                                 Increased ingroup biasMummendey, Kessler, Klink, and Mielke, 1999                                           social competitiveness.Ellemers, de Gilders, and Haslam, 2004                                                                    Enhanced group cohesionHaslam, Jetten, Postmes, and Haslam, 2009                                                         greater well beingTyler Blader, 2001                                                                                                                              improved citizenshipThe concept of social identity is analogous to that of a double edged sword which can yield both positive and negative results. In order to find out which dimensions of social identities are related to positive or negative outcomes a broad framework is required.Social identity theory or SIT is identified as a relevant and useful framework to explain intergroup phenomenon (Brown, 2000). The central idea of the approach is one’s social identity which is explained as “that part of the individual’s self-concept which derives from his or her knowledge of membership to a social group (or groups) together with the value and the emotional significance attached to it” (Tajfel, 1981).The degree to which individuals identify within their group, aspire for a positive social iden tity can be evaluated by finding the favorable comparisons between the ingroup and outgroup on a major dimension of comparison. SIT results have produced that ingroup favoritism is a functional element that makes up for the need to differentiate from the outgroup and enhance group members’ positive social recognition. While Ingroup bias is definitely beneficial it may also harm both the victim of ingroup bias and the perpetrator.Social identity may act as a buffer against harmful impact of stress(Haslam, 2004). Results of an analysis conducted on a group of employees working in stressful conditions showed that when identified with their organization, they show higher organizational citizenship behaviors and job satisfaction. Hence identifying within one’s ingroup can bring about a variety of positive outcomes.Different Dimensions and Forms of Social Identity By investigating the motivational orientations that exist in social identity the reason for the divergent findings can be traced out. The specific form of social identity creates a variation in the prediction of negative outcomes like ingroup bias. Patriotism represents feelings of attachment, responsibility and pride and is believed to be a more positive form of national identification.As per SIT nationalism directly taps into that component of social identity that creates ingroup bias. It also may lead to feelings of chauvinism, superiority or derogatory comparisons with other countries. According to Jackson and Smith a secure social identity is one that involves strong ties with the ingroup but discourages the notion of a socially linked fate, depersonalization   and intergroup competition.In 2002, Tyler and Blader considered orientations(autonomous and comparative) of students to their university and employees to their companies to bring into view the other dimensions of social identity. Autonomous orientation refers to application of internal standards like norms, values by group members for self evaluation while comparative orientation is application of external standards and social comparison processes. Reportedly, autonomous orientation predicted more positive consequences both at individual level(self esteem) and group level(cooperative behavior).One’s own endorsement of norms and values that tie him intrinsically are also relevant especially during prediction of positive consequences. There are certain conceptual similarities between the 2 modes of social identification and dimensions(autonomous and comparative) of social identity. The concept of group glorification includes the motivation to analyse the ingroup in the fairest way, denying any criticisms. On the other hand group attachment represents commitment and inclusion of the group in the self concept. Findings have shown that ‘group attachment’ predicted a higher degree of group based guilt towards the ingroup’s responsibility in an intergroup conflict than ‘group glorification’. It is hence seen that investigating the various dimensions of social identification is seemingly a result-oriented avenue for future research in order that the positive vs. negative consequences can be traced out.Motivations Underlying Social Identity: There are many reasons why individuals identify with their social group. Social identity is encouraged by the necessity of acquiring and retaining group distinctiveness (Tajfel Turner, 1979).6 motives outlined for identification were esteem enhancement, identity, continuity, self-efficacy, meaning and distinctiveness. Research showed that these motives can predict the degree of importance of different identities for each individual.To find out the reason people identify with groups a motivational theory was adopted This theory covers a large spectrum of motives relating to human behavior with more stress on the quality (than quantity) of one’s motivation.Non self determined motivationAmotivation : It refers to the feeling that identifying with a social group will not lead to results desired. (Ryan Deci, 2003).External regulation: It involves identification with one’s ingroup to get accolades or to minimize impunities.Introjected regulation: It involves identities borne out of pressurizing oneself .Self determined motivations:Identified regulation: It deals with priority to oneself and stressing on valued goals .Integrated regulation: It includes the identities which pave way for expressing one’s deepest values and beliefs.Intrinsic motivation: The most self determined form of motivation is intrinsic motivation. Identifying with a social group brings inner happiness and ensures security.The findings after application of SDT have shown that behaviours owing to self determined reasons have more chances of positive consequences like greater persistence, deeper concentration and increased psychological wellbeing. On the contrary behaviors arising out of non-selfdetermined forms lead to undesirable consequences from the perspectiv e of the individual and those related to him (Deci Ryan, Vallerand). This theory has worked well in many spheres affecting life like academics, sports, interpersonal relationships etc. Currently SDT is used as organizing framework in order to apply group members’ motivations for identifying with their social group.The theoretical framework takes into consideration these motives and organizes them into a continuum in order to predict the positivity or negativity of results. These can be assimilated as introjects and can be integrated well into the self where they can serve as abiding guides to life.

Islamic Mullah

Mullah is the name given  to teachers or scholars of Islamic learning or the leaders of mosques. The term is usually a mark of respect but can also be used in a derogatory manner and is primarily used in Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, and the former Soviet republics of Central Asia. In Arabic-speaking lands, an Islamic cleric is called an imam or Shayk  instead. Mullah is derived from the Arabic term mawla, which means master or the one in charge. Throughout Southern Asias history, these rulers of Arabic descent have led cultural revolutions and religious war alike. However, a mullah is general a local Islamic leader, although sometimes they rise to national prominence. Usage in Modern Culture Most often, Mullah refers to Islamic scholars well-versed in the sacred law of the Quran, however, in  Central  and  East Asia, the term mullah is used on a local level to refer to mosque leaders and scholars as a sign of respect.   Iran is a unique case in that it uses the term in a pejorative manner, referring to low-level clerics as mullahs because the term derives from Shiite  Islam wherein the Quran casually mentions mullah multiple times throughout its pages while Shia Islam is the dominant religion of the country. Instead, clergymen and religious leaders use alternative terms to refer to their most respected members of the faith.   In most senses, though, the term has disappeared from modern usage except to mock those who are overly devout in their religious pursuits, a sort of insult for reading the Quran too much and assuming oneself the Mullah referred to in the sacred text. Respected Scholars Still, there is some respect behind the name mullah, at least for those who regard those well versed in religious texts as mullahs. In these cases, the astute scholar must have a firm understanding of all things Islam, especially as it pertains to the contemporary society wherein the hadith (traditions) and fiqh (law) are equally important. Oftentimes, those considered to be mullah will have memorized the Quran and all of its important teachings and lessons, though oftentimes throughout history uneducated common folk would misname visiting clerics mullahs because of their vast knowledge (comparatively) of the religion. Mullahs can also be considered teachers and political leaders. As teachers, mullahs share their knowledge of religious texts in schools called madrasas in matters of Shariah law. They have also served in positions of power, such as the case with Iran after the Islamic State took control in 1979. In Syria, Mullahs play an important role in the ongoing conflict between rival Islamic groups and foreign adversaries alike, valuing the protection of Islamic law while staving off Islamic extremists and attempting to restore democracy or civilized form of government to the war-torn nation.

A Problem Paper on Police Searches and Child Pornography - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1423 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Childhood Essay Police Essay Did you like this example? Short Paper #2 Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s home was searched by the police after a judge issued a valid warrant because he was suspected of stealing new university material. While the police conducted their search they found 200 sexually explicit videos and movies both in VHS/DVD and on his computer. Fifty of these movies contain child pornography. Dr. Green was arrested on the possession of obscene material and child pornography. However he was never charged with possession of stolen items which suggests the items he was suspected of stealing were never found at Dr. Green home. The defense argues that Dr. Green is not guilty of the charges. The pornographic material found by the police is said to have contained child pornography. According to the Child pornography prevention act of 1996 (CCPA) child pornography can be defined as: any visual depiction, including any photograph, film, , video, picture, drawing or computer or computer-generated image or pi cture, which is produced by electronic, mechanical or other means, of sexually explicit conduct, where: (1) its production involved the use of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct, or; (2) such visual depiction is, or appears to be, of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct; (3) such visual depiction has been created, adapted or modified to appear that an `identifiable minorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is engaging in sexually explicit conduct; or (4) it is advertised, distributed, promoted or presented in such a manner as to convey the impression that it is a visual depiction of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct. (Akdeniz, 2001) In Osbone v. Ohio, the Ohio Supreme Court required that the defendant had to know that the images depicted children before being convicted of possession of child pornography. (Osborne v. Ohio, 1990, p. 103) If we closely look at the second point from the CCPA, it states à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“such visual depiction is, or appears to be, of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conductà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Appears to beà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  being the keyword, there is no evidence to suggest that Dr. Green had knowledge that the characters in the movies were minors. Furthermore, at first glance, by community standards, child pornography might be regarded as obscene material but to truly determine that, we apply the Three-Prong Miller Test. The Miller Test states that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“(1) Whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest, (2) Whether the work depicts/describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by applicable state law, (3) Whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Miller v. California, 1973, p. 15) The material in question is considered obscene only if all three conditions are satisfied. Dr. Green teac hes classes on human behavior at the university and it very plausible that Dr. Green uses this material for research with no evidence to suggest otherwise. After all, sex is a basic human need and has a great influence on human behavior. The materials found have scientific value and therefore cannot be considered obscene. The defendant requests that the evidence gathered from Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hard drive be suppressed as it was unlawfully obtained. The police had a legal warrant to search Dr. Green house for stolen material. Search warrants authorize law enforcement to search a specified place for evidence. Searching Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hard drive constitutes a breach of privacy. The fourth Amendment provides: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The right of the people to be secure in the persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no Warrants shall issue, but on probably cause, supported by the oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or thing to be seized.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Ferrera and Reder et al., 2012, p. 365) There was no probable cause to search Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s computer or hard drive as the stolen item in question is not of digital format, hence searching Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s laptop is considered unconstitutional. In addition, Dr. Green viewed these materials in the privacy of his home which constitutes as his à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Zone of Privacyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which is protected by the Bill of Rights. Citing Stanley v. Georgia, the court held that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“First and Fourteenth Amendments prohibit making mere private possession of obscene material a crime and that the States retain broad power to regulate obscenity; that power simply does not extend to mere possession by the individual in the privacy of his own home.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Stanley v. Georgia, 1969, p. 557) The defense rests its case. The Police argue that the search and seizure was constitutional because they had a warrant that gave them the right to enter Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s apartment. Although the warrant permitted the police to gain access to Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s apartment and search for the stolen material, the Plain View Doctrine permits law enforcement to seize any contraband in plain view even if those items are not mentioned in the warrant. The plain view doctrine states: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“(1) the officer must already have lawful presence in an area protected by the 4th Amendment. In a house, that would mean that the officer must have entered with a warrant, exigency or consent. (2) The officer must observe an item in plain view. (3) The officer must immediately recognize the item as evidence or contraband without making a further intrusion.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Horton v. California, 1990, p. 128) Using the Plain View Doctrine, the legal search warrant gave the police the right to enter Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s apartment and while the officer was conducting his search, a plain view observation was made when the pornographic material was discovered. The officer recognized the material as obscene and considered it illegal using community standards. Under these conditions the officer had the right to seize the pornographic material and arrest Dr. Green for possession of obscene material. Furthermore, the officer did not invade Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s privacy as he was lawfully present in Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s apartment. In Horton v. Californian he court held that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The prohibition against general searches and warrants is based on privacy concerns, which are not implicated when an officer with a lawful right of access to an item in plain view seizes it without a warrantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . (Horton v. California, 1990, p. 128) Dependence on privacy concerns is inapt because the officers already had a lawful right to be Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s apartment. In conc lusion, based on the facts and arguments made, I believe the defendant has a stronger case. Using the Miller Test the defendant was able to prove that the material was not obscene because it had scientific value. The test proves that the materials found in Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s apartment are not obscene hence on this point alone, the prosecution has no case. Furthermore, In Stanley and Georgia the court held that the Firth and Fourth Amendments prohibits making mere obscene material a crime as long as it remained within the privacy of the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s home. (Stanley v. Georgia, 1969, p. 557) In addition, in Osborne and Ohio, the Supreme Court required that the defendant had to have had knowledge that the images depicted children before being convicted of possession of child pornography. (Osborne v. Ohio, 1990, p. 103) There is no evidence to suggest that Dr. Green knew that the characters depicted in the films were children. Besides, there manner in which the evidence was obtained can be questioned. Search warrants authorize law enforcement and limit the search to a specified place for evidence. The police argued that the evidence was legally gathered using the Plain View Doctrine. The third part of the Plain View Doctrine states à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The officer must immediately recognize the item as evidence or contraband without making a further intrusionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Without further inspection or intrusion, it is difficult to plainly look at DVDs/VHS and conclude that the material is contraband. The conspicuousness of these materials is not prominent as guns, drugs or any other obvious contraband. DVDs/VHS at first glance cannot be identified as contraband without further observation. I believe Dr. Greenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Fourth Amendment rights were violated. To sum it up, Dr. Green was not in possession of obscene material nor did he commit a crime and the nature of how the evidence was gotten can be questioned. At this juncture, I b elieve Dr. Green should be acquitted. Reference Akdeniz, Y. 2001. Regulation of Child Pornography on the Internet. [online] Available at: https://www.cyber-rights.org/reports/uscases.htm [Accessed: 26 Mar 2014]. Arizona v. Hicks. 480 321. 1987. Ferrera, Gerald, Margo Reder, Stephen Lichtenstein, Robert Bird, Jonathan Darrow, Jeffrey Aresty and Jacqueline Klosek. CyberLaw Text Cases. CyberLaw Text Cases. South-Western, 2012. Horton v. California. 496 128. 1990 Miller v. California. 413 15. 1973 Osborne v. Ohio. 495 103. 1990. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Stanley v. Georgia. 394 557. 1969. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Problem Paper on Police Searches and Child Pornography" essay for you Create order

Risk Management Failures of British Petroleum Free Essays

string(117) " in two other major oil-producing nations, Brazil and Norway, as a last resort protection against underwater spills\." BP is a British global energy company which is the third largest energy company and the fourth largest company in the world. As a multinational oil company, BP is the UK’s largest corporation, with its headquarters in St James’s, City of Westminster, London. BP America’s headquarters is in the One Westlake Park in the Energy Corridor area of Houston, Texas; the company is among the largest private sector energy corporations in the world, and one of the six leaders. We will write a custom essay sample on Risk Management Failures of British Petroleum or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to project social responsibility and improve its image British Petroleum changed its name into BP in year 2000 with a logo of green and yellow sunflower patterns. Paradoxically the same company symbol is now under derision and the object of controversial attacks from environmentalists and damaging court cases. The company’s predicament further worsened when it was listed as one of the â€Å"ten worst corporations† during the year 2001 and 2006. In fact, BP and its competitors Royal Dutch-Shell were considered by activists to be responsible with the threatening phenomenon of climate change. BP was warned before the oil pipeline leak happened in Alaska, but no action was made by the higher officials to mitigate its possible occurrence and reduce damages. In March 2005, BP’s Texas City, Texas refinery, one of its largest refineries, exploded causing 15 deaths, injuring 180 people and forcing thousands of nearby residents to remain sheltered in their homes. A large column filled with hydrocarbon overflowed to form a vapor cloud, which ignited. The explosion caused all the casualties and substantial damage to the rest of the plant. The incident came as the culmination of a series of less serious accidents at the refinery, and the engineering problems were not addressed by the management. Maintenance and safety at the plant had been cut as a cost-saving measure, the responsibility ultimately resting with executives in London. The fall-out from the accident continues to cloud BP’s corporate image because of the mismanagement at the plant. There have been several investigations of the disaster, the most recent being that from the U. S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board which offered a derisive evaluation of the company. The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) found organizational and safety deficiencies at all levels of the BP Corporation and said management failures could be traced from Texas to London. The company pleaded guilty to a felony violation of the Clean Air Act, was fined $50 million, and sentenced to three years probation. On October 30, 2009, OSHA fined BP an additional $87 million— the largest fine in OSHA history— for failing to correct safety hazards revealed in the 2005 explosion. Inspectors found 270 safety violations that had been previously cited but not fixed and 439 new violations. BP is appealing that fine. In August 2006, BP shut down oil operations in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, due to corrosion in pipelines leading up to the Alaska Pipeline. The wells were leaking insulating agent called Arctic pack, consisting of crude oil and diesel fuel, between the wells and ice. BP had spilled over one million liters of oil in Alaska’s North Slope. This corrosion is caused by sediment collecting in the bottom of the pipe, protecting corrosive bacteria from chemicals sent through the pipeline to fight this bacteria. There are estimates that about 5000 barrels (790 m3) of oil were released from the pipeline. To date 1513 barrels (240. 5 m3) of liquids, about 5200 cubic yards (4000 m3) of soiled snow and 328 cubic yards (251 m3) of soiled gravel have been recovered. After approval from the DOT, only the eastern portion of the field was shut down, resulting in a reduction of 200000 barrels per day (32000 m3/d) until work began to bring the eastern field to full production on 2 October 2006. In May 2007, the company announced another partial field shutdown owing to leaks of water at a separation plant. Their action was interpreted as another example of fallout from a decision to cut maintenance of the pipeline and associated facilities. On 16 October 2007 Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation officials reported a toxic spill of methanol (methyl alcohol) at the Prudhoe Bay oil field managed by BP PLC. Nearly 2,000 gallons of mostly methanol, mixed with some crude oil and water, spilled onto a frozen tundra pond as well as a gravel pad from a pipeline. Methanol, which is poisonous to plants and animals, is used to clear ice from the insides of the Arctic-based pipelines. From January 2006 to January 2008, three workers were killed at the company’s Texas City, Texas refinery in three separate accidents. In July 2006 a worker was crushed between a pipe stack and mechanical lift, in June 2007, a worker was electrocuted, and in January 2008, a worker was killed by a 500-pound piece of metal that came loose under high pressure and hit him. On April 1 2009, a Bond Offshore Helicopters Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma ferrying workers from BP’s platform in the Miller oilfield in the North Sea off Scotland crashed in good weather killing all 16 on board. On April 20, 2010, a semi-submersible exploratory offshore drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico exploded after a blowout and sank two days later, killing eleven people and causing a massive oil spill threatening the coast of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Texas, and Florida. The rig is owned and operated by Transocean Ltd on behalf of BP, which is the majority owner of the oil field. The company originally estimated the size of the leak at about 1,000 barrels a day but later accepted government estimates of a leak of at least 5000 barrels per day. On April 30, BP stated that it would harness all of its resources to battle the oil spill, spending $7 million a day with its partners to try to contain the disaster. BP was running the well without a remote control shut-off switch used in two other major oil-producing nations, Brazil and Norway, as a last resort protection against underwater spills. You read "Risk Management Failures of British Petroleum" in category "Essay examples" The use of such devices is not mandated by U. S. regulators. The U. S. Government gave the responsibility of the incident to BP and will hold it accountable for costs incurred in containing the situation. On May 11, 2010, Congress called the executives of BP, Transocean, and Halliburton to a hearing regarding the oil spill. When probed for answers regarding the events leading up to the explosion, each company blamed the other. BP blamed Transocean who owned the rig, who then blamed the operators of the rig, BP. They also blamed Halliburton, who built the well casing. Coming to analyze BP’s risk management, it is noted first that BP organization employs the systems of centralized direction and decentralized implementation. The centralized direction system was designed to attain business goals and objectives. The company unifies the corporation by implementing strategic objectives, values, behaviors and standards to be performed and easily understood by their people. On the other hand the systematic objective of BP is decentralized implementation of its operations in order to deliver the best quality of products or services and satisfy the needs of the consumers. The decentralized implementation covered three business segments namely: Exploration and Production, The Gas, Power and Renewable and Refining and Market. As is well known, procedures and controls are a necessary condition for effective risk management, but not a sufficient one. A company’s standards and processes will fail if employees do not feel empowered to follow the standards during times of stress or they fear retaliation for reporting â€Å"unwanted† information. Reading the report of BP and other esources at my disposal I have found that how parts of BP’s culture may have tolerated shortened safety procedures as they fell behind investment schedules and other deadlines. For example, the company cut short a procedure involving drilling fluid that is designed to detect gas in the well and skipped a quality test of the cement around the pipe (another buffer against gas) despite BP’s report finding that there were signs of problems with the cement job and despite a warning from the cement contractor company. The experts also concluded that there was not a strong culture of communication across its own team leaders and partner companies. Having multiple players can restrict access to critical knowledge and slow decision-making processes to a dangerous point. Nor did there appear to be a culture where managers were expected to seek out or share contrary information from a different perspective. These cultural elements allowed issues to continue without the application of comprehensive expertise. It seems to be necessary adding more controls, more checks and balances, with auditable risk management processes new minimum standards, and increased self-audits. While some criteria and thresholds did not exist prior to the accident, it is unclear whether the lack of these controls and audit mechanisms directly caused the accident itself Companies are not able to entirely shift operational or reputational risk to a partner, subcontractor, or supplier. Presumably, BP had in place significant and comprehensive controls and contractual requirements for its contractors and other service providers. However, questions remain about whether these contractual requirements were actually implemented, assessed, and monitored by BP. Anyway, risk management referred to in this paper are the activities related to managing an organization that integrates recognition of risk, risk assessment, developing strategies to manage it, and mitigation of risk using managerial resources. Its primary objective is to reduce the different risks related to threats caused by environment, technology, humans, organizations and politics. Firms usually formulate strategies in order to manage or mitigate risk by transferring the risk to another party, avoiding the risk, reducing the negative effect of the risk, and accepting some or all of the consequences of a particular risk. BP must apply risk management in its corporate financing as the technique for measuring, monitoring and controlling the financial or operational risk on the firm. The commonly used framework breaks risks into market risk (price risk), credit risk and operational risk and also specifies methods for calculating capital requirements for each of these components. In enterprise risk management, a risk is defined as a possible event or circumstance that can have negative influences on the survival of a company. Its impact can be on the very existence, the resources (human and capital), the products and services, or the customers of the enterprise, as well as external impacts on society, markets, or the environment. In a financial institution, enterprise risk management is normally thought of as the combination of credit risk, interest rate risk or asset liability management, market risk, and operational risk. All risks can never be fully avoided or mitigated simply because of financial and practical limitations. Therefore all organizations have to accept some level of residual risks. In the case of BP, the following must also be undertaken in addition and consideration of those discussed above. Firstly, it is of major importance to planning how risk management will be conducted must be undertaken: in this regard the plan must include risk management tasks, responsibilities, activities and budget. Secondly, managers responsible for BP will assign a risk officer who will be responsible for foreseeing potential problems. In this respect, it is important also to maintain the risk database and each risk should have an opening date, a title, a brief description, a probability and a suggestion of importance. Once potential sources of risk have been identified, it will also need preparing a plan for reducing the risk (mitigation plan) for risks that are chosen to be mitigated. In this regard, it is well known that the purpose of the mitigation plan is to describe how this particular risk will be handled what, when, by who and how will it be done to avoid it or minimize consequences if it becomes a liability. BP, in a perspective of reducing the risks described above in the long run as well as in order to optimize and reduce the resources used for that purpose, must eventually summarizing planned and faced risks, effectiveness of mitigation activities, and effort spent for the risk management. How to cite Risk Management Failures of British Petroleum, Essay examples

Famous Chinese Horse Painting Essay Example For Students

Famous Chinese Horse Painting Essay In the sass while playing in a hidden cave in Lascar, Prance, many children found a remarkable painting on the wall. After telling about their findings, researches and explorers visited the cave and it Vass then they saw the Chinese Horse. The art got its name because it resembled the ceramic horses of the Han Dynasty in China. Although the reasoning for the painting is unknown, they research has shown that several paintings in this era included plants and animals. It was not the only painting Off horse found on a cave wall. However, it is thought that the artist wanted to protect his work and for it to survive, that IS Why he or she chose a place far into the cave. Most of the painting was applied directly to the wall by a flickering fire light and paint containing Earth elements and animal fat. Other parts of the painting were blown through reeds causing a special affect. It was placed on a sandstone wall. Most cave walls were not smooth; they had a lot of rough textures and cracks. The painting itself consisted of warm earth like, fall colors. These colors included: browns, tans, reds, greens. The horse in the painting has a large sagging stomach. Researches believe the horse was meant to look pregnant. The head of the horse was very small. Personally, think the head was small and the stomach was 50 large because the artist wanted to emphasis the unborn colt in the mother. He or she was not worried so much about the adult horse but more the child. Maybe, like many mothers and females who want to be mothers think, the artist was hoping for a child. Owe when was pregnant I would see small children and infants and think about the child inside of me. So, maybe the artist was kind of doing the same thing. Maybe the artist was a female who wanted a child Also, there are red arrow-like paintings around the horse. Researchers think they could be plants or arrows. I think the look like wheat. Believe the horse is running in a field as if it is free. It reminds me of our history when the Indians roamed free and malls and grocery sto res did not exist. The artist may be ring to express this feeling.

Wuthering Heights Essays (857 words) - British Films,

Wuthering Heights Two Halves of a Whole Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte is a novel full of passion, love and betrayal. It explores the love of two individuals and their influence on their surroundings. The story occurs in a small town. In this area are the two homes of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. The vast contrasts between these houses symbolizes the people who reside their and how these individuals effect the homes. Wuthering Heights is portrayed as a dark, dismal mausoleum. There are long, narrow hallways with little light. In fact, when Isabella returns from being married, she has trouble finding her way across the house because it is so poorly lit. There is a dark presence about Wuthering Heights. The residence is run down and the walls are fading and peeling. Also it is a cold, drafty place. In fact, Linton always has fires going because it is always so chilly. Wuthering Heights is a gloomy, oppressive place. On the other hand, Thrushcross Grange has a light, joyful presence. At this home, love is bountiful and its occupants are happy. It is the picture of a loving husband and wife with two beautiful children. The kids are seen playing with a dog, laughing, and having fun. In fact, when Catherine, the main character visits them, she stays for months. They treat her well, and she comes home refined and happy. Thrushcross Grange provides a feeling of a house redolent with joy. Just as the homes differ greatly, so do the homes inhabitants. Both of these houses symbolize their main occupants. Heathcliff, Hareton, and Linton all live at Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff is the dark, brooding character. He is mean, angry, and full of revenge. He viciously beats his own son and niece. Then Heathcliff forces them to marry each other, so that he can have control over Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange when his son dies. Heathcliff also marries Isabella, a women he hates. He does this to get revenge on her and her brother for having commented unfavorably about him. She is treated so atrociously that she runs away while pregnant. Yet, Heathcliff does not care and does not bother going after her. These are only a few of the actions of Heathcliff, yet they show his cruel nature and dark personality. Heathcliff also treats Hareton abdominally and thus Hareton becomes a younger version of Heathcliff. Hareton, too, is mean and vengeful. He never says anything nice to anyone and shuts himself away from others. Linton is Heathcliffs son, and is a manipulative scoundrel. He uses his illness to coerce his cousin Cathy to visit him. Linton knows his father will force Cathy to marry him, but afraid of a beating, he still asks Cathy to come. Linton then allows Cathy to be held hostage in his home. He could obtain the key to let her out, but he is too scared for himself to rescue his cousin. Apparent is the selfish and cruel characteristics of these individuals. There is no joy in their lives, but they are filled with bitter anger. These feelings are transferred to Wuthering Heights and thus both the house and its occupants seem dismal and sinister. Residing at Thrushcross Grange are Edgar, Catherine, and Cathy. They epitomize good people who are kind and not drawn to violence. Edgar never raises his hand to anyone. He shows a sweet, gentle love to Catherine. He worries about her and take cares of her when she is ill. Edgar never becomes mad when she spends time with Heathcliff. He gives her anything she wants and is always kind to her. Although Catherine is not perfect, she is basically a kind individual. She cares about Edgar and never yells at him or harms him. Yet, it is really Catherines outer beauty that is representative of Thrushcross Grange. Catherine is fair and beautiful. She appears angelic and thus this beauty is translated to her home. Cathy is a fine, young lady. She loves her father and stays at his side constantly when he is ill. She even consents to marry Linton, so she can see her father. Cathy is even kind to Linton who is a whining brat. Cathy is young, spirited, and

Free Essays on Jekyll And Hyde

, Mr. Hyde lifted his heavy walking stick and clubbed the old man to death. This tells us the reader that Mr. Hyde has grown in fury. From trampling over a child in the first scene, he now commits murder for no reason. I believe Hyde killed Sir Danvers because Sir Danvers was described as being a peaceful and good man. ... Free Essays on Jekyll And Hyde Free Essays on Jekyll And Hyde The first scene consists of Mr. Richard Enfield's and Mr. Utterson walking along a street in London. Mr. Enfield has a recollection of a previous incident in which he witnessed an extremely unpleasant man trampling upon a small screaming girl while this man was running somewhere. A large crowd had gathered around and they saw the man, Edward Hyde. The crowd forced the man to give money to this girl for trampling over her. Hyde did not run over her for any reason. He just did it out of spite and evil. He represents all the evil in the world. The reaction of others to him is one of horror because while looking at him, others feel a desire to strike out at him and kill him. His physical appearance brings out the worst evil in other people. Since Hyde represents evil, he is symbolically represented as being much smaller than Dr. Jekyll. I believe Dr. Jekyll created Hyde because he had a theory that man has a good side and a bad side. While investigating this, he developed a potion that could release the evil in a person in the form of a totally different person. Then this person could commit any evil act it wanted, and then drink the potion to return back to normal. The only problem with this is the fact that he drank this potion so many times, he was no longer able to control this process. He was unable to transform back into Dr. Jekyll. Another example of Hyde's evil is in the killing of Sir Danvers Carew. Sir Danvers appears to have been killed for no apparent reason. The murder of Sir Danvers was seen by a maid who was working nearby. She states that Hyde meet with a man in the street. After the two exchanged words, Mr. Hyde lifted his heavy walking stick and clubbed the old man to death. This tells us the reader that Mr. Hyde has grown in fury. From trampling over a child in the first scene, he now commits murder for no reason. I believe Hyde killed Sir Danvers because Sir Danvers was described as being a peaceful and good man. ...

Select a topic you would like to write ( writing about drama) Essay

Select a topic you would like to write ( writing about drama) - Essay Example American women in the 19th century were deterred from lustrous careers and they were denied self independence by the men. Their main sphere of operation in the society was restricted to the kitchen and the bedroom. Women did not have the right to vote or sit as members of the jury. Their opinions were considered of less importance in making essential decisions in the American education system, politics, economy, legislation and many others. Men in the US, in the 19th century, dominated all aspects of life in the American society except the nurturing of children and families; an activity that was allocated to women. In the play â€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell, women are considered less educated, less equipped, less qualified and inferior to compete in the male dominated society. The men claimed the society advanced due to their intellectual property, strength, skills and ability to develop emotional intelligence in solving societal problems. George Henderson is a young but professional county attorney (Glaspell 455). He is called upon by local residents to investigate a murder case of Mr. John Wright, who was strangled by a rope in the wee hours of the night in his sleep. The county attorney has great respect for the law although he is quick to dismiss the female characters’ vested interest in non-essential details concerning domestic work. He also disparages the suspect, Mrs. Wright, for what he observes as lack of proper and normal house cleaning abilities allocated to women. Henry Peters, a middle aged man, is the area sheriff and Mrs. Peter’s Husband (Glaspell 455). He is interested in the murder case because it is his duty as a law enforcer to protect and serve the locals. Like the county attorney, he teases the female characters on their topic of conversation, which is the suspect’s quilt. He uses laughs light-heartedly at the women’s less

The Reasons of United States Participation in the War of 1812 Research Paper

The Reasons of United States Participation in the War of 1812 - Research Paper Example At that time, the US was providing France with most of the goods that she needed along the way. Using the power of her navy, Great Britain blocked all ways by which the trade happened between the French coasts and the Caribbean and the US Atlantic coasts. The only vessels that were allowed to pass unimpeded to the US were those that had passed through one of the ports of Great Britain. This raises many questions like; Why did the US enter into a war with Great Britain despite conducting trade with it? What were the economic interests of the US to enter the war? And how popular was the war among the Americans? To address these questions, this paper will; first, discuss some of the consequences of the American Revolution and personal interests of the Americans, the Amerindians, and the British whose conflicts contributed to the commencement of the War of 1812; second, explain the strategies used by the Great Britain to restrict the export of the American goods to France that provided t he US with an objective reason to start the war in national defence and explains that the firm support of the native Indian uprisings in the western territories of the US as well as in the continental US for the British government in Canada was a huge concern for the Americans, and third, briefly discusses the results of the war and the advantages and disadvantages of the participation of the Americans in the war. The advantages described there also highlight some of the potential reasons for the participation of the US in the War of 1812. II. Body The Revolutionary War was brought to an end as the Treaty of Paris was signed in the year 1783. As a result of the Revolutionary War, the US was established among the world’s nations. However, the Treaty of Paris neither provided any guarantee for the survival of the new nation nor guaranteed that the European powers would always respect the rights of the new nation. In order to be in the position to freely carry out the trade with all countries across the globe, the government of the US strived hard to strike a balance between diplomacy and preparedness of the military. From the year 1793 to the year 1815, Great Britain and France saw a period of prolonged wars that instigated the French Revolution, and immensely complicated the tendency of the US to safeguard the rights of sailors and shipping. In addition to that, a significant population of the Americans along the western frontier of the nation believed that the Indian raids were encouraged by the British in Canada on their settlements. After the American Revolution, not everyone was satisfied with the way the land had been divided. The British and the Canadian merchants were both displeased over the loss of the Ohio River valley that encapsulated numerous routes through which trade could be conducted. Also, a large Amerindian population dwelled in the Ohio River valley, a major part of which had sided with the British during the American Revolution, and were by then willing to have an Indian state created toward the Lake Erie’s south and west. The idea was warmly welcomed by the British because it served numerous interests of the British. For one, this would facilitate the fur trade.  Ã‚  

Effects of Family Changes in Society

Effects of Family Changes in Society Explain how new problems have emerged within your society as a result of changes in the functions of the family. In the UK and other Western countries during the last forty years there has been a widespread experience of changes in marriage, household, and family forms that would not have been thought possible prior to the Second World War (Giddens, 2001). People are less likely to marry than they used to and there is less of a tendency to marry at a young age. The women’s movement which began in the 1960s has, it is argued, led to a rise in the divorce rate and the number of single parent families. There has also been a growth in the rate of women who have children but have not married and in 1997 they made up 42% of all lone parent households (Social Trends, 2000). This paper will look at traditional notions of the family and then at some of the changes in the functions of the family and some of the social problems that have resulted from this Defining the traditional family The family might be generally defined as a group of people who are usually linked by kinship[1] and marriage, who live together, usually, but not necessarily made up of two parents and their children. This type of family is the norm for most people. Murdock (1949) has argued that common to all societies, is the nuclear family, described above (parents and children) or extended family (a wider family membership e.g. grandparents). 40% of all people in Britain in 1996 lived in nuclear families (Brown,1998). Parsons (1955) has argued that the traditional family serves two major purposes that are common to societies, the primary socialisation of children into the norms and values of society, and the stabilisation of adult personalities. For Parsons the institution of the family provided the mutual love and support needed by individuals in order for them to be fit enough to take their places in society (Giddens, 2001). This has been contested by feminists such as Abbott and Wallace (1997) who argue that family life is experienced by its members in different ways and family life has not been supportive of women because it is generally they who provide other members with support. Parson’s model of the family where one adult worked outside the home while the other remained to care for the family has been criticised by many scholars as overly idealistic and neglects the ethnic and class differences that occur within a capitalist society (Giddens, 2001). The capitalist system failed to take into account women’s work in the home Abbott and Wallace (1997) contend and this enabled men to go out to work because women were the hidden labour force. Goode (1972) argues that social systems such as the family, are powerful agents of control because to some extent their existence is founded on force. Within social systems such as the family this is often unrecognised. Goode argues it is, not visible because it is effective (1972:512). Giddens (2001) has further criticised Parsons’ view of the family for neglecting to recognise, and take into account the emergence of different family forms. Fewer people are now choosing to marry and those who do may choose not to have children. Gittens (1992) is of the opinion that in modern Britain: Ideals of family relationships have become enshrined in our legal, social, religious and economic systems which, in turn, reinforce the ideologyand penalise or ostracise those who transgress it (Gittens, 1992, p.74). In 1997 when Blair’s Government came to power the ideology of the family that had existed in Britain for almost a century was breaking down and unemployment was continuing to rise. Death, divorce, and the rise in the number of single parent families meant that the traditional ideal of the male breadwinner and the female carer/homemaker were becoming less common. Single Parent Families 40% of marriages in the UK end in divorce according to the Guardian newspaper 2000,p.3)and there are an increasing number of single parent families in the Western world. There are many different reasons why people become lone parents family structures may change either through the death of a partner, cohabitation or remarriage which leads to reconstituted families. Second marriages however tend to have a higher divorce rate than first time marriages. Some theorist suggest that couples would have lived together prior to getting married, but those who live together may be far more likely to split than married couples. Some of those cohabiting may also have had children and Government figures show that the vast majority of single parent households are headed by women. Because traditional notions of the family headed by a male breadwinner are still prevalent, Abbott and Wallace (1997) suggest that many single parents, who of necessity live off welfare benefits are seen both by those in p ower as a burden on the state. The concerns of the Welfare State were with the traditional, nuclear family where the man was the breadwinner and the woman cared for the home and children. It was not therefore, set up to deal with single parent households. In this way changing family structures result in an increase in other social problems, particularly poverty (Giddens, 2001). Families and Poverty The media and for some Government members refer increasingly to young single mothers as representative of lone parents. In contrast, Crowe and Hardy (1992) and others state that single parents are a varied group because there are a number of different routes to becoming a single parent These involves increased responsibility and many single parents who are without an extended family network are forced to rely on the state system just to get by. These households are very often among the poorest. Giddens (2001) maintains that English speaking countries have the highest number of single parents, and those who are working are among the lowest paid. These are parents who are attempting to be self-reliant and while family working tax credits may seem like a good idea many people have argued that they serve to encourage a dependency culture for people who might prefer to be independent. In 1991 31% of children lived in households with an income that was less than 50% of the national average (Giddens, 2001). The Social Fund was set up to help the poorest members of society to afford basic necessities such as bedding, shoes, and children’s clothes but this does not help those that most need it because it is the poorest who mostly do not get this funding(Cohen,1996). Single parents who want to join the work force rather than remain in receipt of benefits are often prevented from doing so because of the cost of childcare. The Government claim to support working families’ childcare arrangements does not make provision for older children during school holidays. Without the help of other family members, such moves to join the workforce become virtually impossible. In this way families become part of a growing number of those who are excluded from many of the things that most people take for granted. People who are financially poor are also liable to suffer fr om social exclusion in other areas. They may live in areas with the poorest housing, and have less access to decent schools and health services. Conclusion Clearly traditional family structures are no longer the norm in the UK. This leads to other social problems because the state system is not equipped to deal with either the increased burden on the benefits system or in making the employment and childcare systems more equitable. It might be argued that things are not going to return to the way they were and therefore Government needs to initiate policies that relate to the changed structure in UK society. 1250 words Bibliography Abbott, P. and Wallace, C. 1997. An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives. London, Routledge. Chambez, C. 2001. â€Å"Lone-Parent Families in Europe: A Variety of Economic and Social Circumstances† Social Policy and Administration 2001, 35, 6, Dec, 658-671 Cohen, R. 1996 â€Å"The poverty trap† Community Care; 1 Aug 96, p.26-7 Crowe, G. and Hardey,M.1992. â€Å"Diversity and ambiguity among lone-parent households in modern Britain†. In Marsh, C. and Arber, S. (Eds.) 1992. Families and Households: Divisions and Change. London: Macmillan. Giddens, A. 2001. (4th ed). Sociology. Cambridge, Polity Press. Gittens, D. 1992 â€Å"What is the family? Is it Universal†. In Macdowell, L. and Pringle, R. (Eds.) 1992 Defining Women: social institutions and gender divisions. Cambridge:Polity. Guardian, 27th March, 2000 p.3 Parsons, T. and Bales, R. 1955. Family, Socialisation, and Interaction Process. Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press Social Trends 30 2000. General Household Survey in Giddens, A. 2001. (4th ed). Sociology. Cambridge, Polity Press.p.181 Walby, S. 1986. Patriarchy at Work. Cambridge: Polity. 1 Footnotes [1] Kinship ties generally refer to descent and blood relatives, also to marriage (Giddens, 2001).

TXJ Companies

First of all, the TXJ Companies did not have as much security controls at all. The security controls that were in place were controls that were easy for hackers to have access to. The security’s controls weaknesses are that the computers that were used where computers that did not have the correct firewall installed. The firewall that was installed were firewalls that did not have as much of protection. They were not installed properly. The computers did not have any data encryption at all. These computers were easily to be access by hackers. The tools and technologies that could have been used to fix the weaknesses were to upgrade their computers to the latest security system. The computers could had firewalls installed, in order for hackers to stay away. An anti-virus could had been installed in order for malicious data to have access to the computers. The computers firewall should had been installed correctly as well. The business effect of TJX’s data loss to TJX, consumers, and banks were that due to its data loss, this lead to a raised in costs. The costs were from the personal data that had been lost. The business’s costs had raised a tremendous amount. The moral dimensions that may had been applied in this situation where to realize and focus what could had really happened if there were more security from the business. For instance, the business had to think before, after making any actions. The business made the action of not making secured computers and this is why, the business had to deal with a situation like this. The smart choice was not being conducted. By not making the correct decisions, the business had lost a lot.

The Unsung Heroes of the Birmingham Campaign

When one thinks about the civil rights movement, the first name that comes to mind is Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. He contributed greatly to the advancement of African American people in the U. S. ; however, in the case of the Birmingham Campaign, it was a collective group effort from numerous local leaders and MLK that peacefully protested for, and eventually gained, the rights that all American citizens deserve. Few mention the efforts of local leaders like Fred Shuttlesworth’s work with Project â€Å"C†, James Bevel’s orchestrating of the Birmingham Children’s Crusade, Wyatt Tee Walker’s organizing confrontations with city officials.MLK’s own brother A. D. King, who played a part in the eventual success of the movement, is often left out of these conversations as well. None of the rights that African Americans gained after the movement would have been possible without the cooperation of President John F. Kennedy and the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In a public address to the nation, President Kennedy stated, â€Å"It ought to be possible for American consumers of any color to receive equal service in places of public accommodation†¦without being forced to resort to demonstrations in the street. He continued with, â€Å"It ought to be possible for American citizens of any color to register and to vote in a free election without interference or fear of reprisal,† which was in fact a goal of the Birmingham campaign. 1 There were many factors that brought the civil rights movement to Birmingham. Although it was a city with a forty percent black population in 1960, Birmingham remained one of the most segregated communities in America. 2 The fact that African Americans had been free from slavery for nearly one hundred years did not mean anything to a majority of whites in the South.Segregation of both communal and commercial facilities was required by law and enforced strictly in Birmingham. 3 Africa n Americans had gained the right to vote ninety years before the beginning of the Birmingham Campaign, but that did not seem to mean much in the South. Whites used several methods including poll taxes, literacy exams, and the grandfather clause to prevent blacks from exercising their constitutional right to vote. In 1960, only ten percent of the African American population in Birmingham registered to vote. Some might wonder why the white community was so opposed to desegregation. One answer is the that they simply had nothing to gain except increased competitions for jobs. 5 The unemployment rate for blacks was two and a half times higher that it was for whites. Also, a vast majority of whites had been raised thinking they were superior to African Americans based solely on the color of their skin. It was this stubborn and ignorant way of thinking that made it so difficult for blacks to attain equality in the south.Although the white and black communities of Birmingham would have nev er been considered to be at peace, tension between them began to mount early in 1963. On January 14, Governor George C. Wallace was inaugurated. In his speech he stated he believed in â€Å"segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever. †6 It was at this time that the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), which was founded in 1957, made plans for the Birmingham Campaign. 7 Originally it was scheduled for March of the same year. However, the SCLC chose to wait until after the run-off election for Mayor of Birmingham on April 2.Albert Boutwell, who was moderate compared to his segregationist opponent Theophilus Eugene â€Å"Bull† Connor, won the election. Connor remained the Commissioner of Public Safety, and would later play an instrumental part in the Campaign. 8 They believed this would be the best time to bring the civil rights movement to Birmingham in full force. The Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, a group created in 1956 when A labama outlawed the NAACP, released a statement entitled the â€Å"Birmingham Manifesto† explaining the reasons for the demonstrations that would take place in the following months. It also entailed how black citizens have tried â€Å"petitioning for the repeal of city ordinances requiring segregation† as well as how they have â€Å"turned to the system of the courts. † It is clear that those involved in writing this document believed that demonstrations in Birmingham were their last resort. Fred Shuttlesworth and N. H. Smith were the only men brave enough to sign their names at the bottom of the document that declared the black communities future resistance to the discriminatory laws in Birmingham. 10 The Birmingham Campaign officially began on April 3, 1963, the day after the release of the Birmingham Manifesto.Some of the things those behind the movement hoped to accomplish included desegregating public facilities, releasing non-violent protestors from jail, and reopening of parks that were closed in order to fight segregation. On April 3, black citizens gathered in downtown Birmingham to protest for racial equality in hiring. Smaller groups staged sit-ins at white only lunch counters; however, the lunch counters were closed and around twenty people were arrested. The following day, MLK attempted to lead a march to the Birmingham City Hall. The march did not last long due to a lack of followers. 1 After the protests on the first two days of the campaign saw no results, Fred Shuttlesworth and Wyatt Tee Walker, who were both very active in the SCLC, organized Project â€Å"C† (for confrontation. It involved a series of sit-ins and nonviolent protests that would begin on April 7. Shuttlesworth and Rev. Charles Billups, another local leader, staged a march that was supposed to reach the Birmingham City Hall. Police stopped the march and twenty-six people, ranging in age from seventeen to seventy-eight, were arrested. 12 Nine of those arrested were female. Both Shuttlesworth and Billups were in the front of the march and were arrested.The following day, A. D. King led a group of over two thousand people to protest Shuttlesworth and Billups’ incarceration. The demonstration was quickly put to an end when Circuit Court Judge William Jenkins issued a court injunction that forbade public protests. 13 Very early in the campaign, African Americans gained one small victory. On April 11, 1963, the Birmingham Public Library voted to desegregate. 14 On this same day, a court-ordered injunction against â€Å"boycotting, trespassing, parading, picketing, sit-ins, kneel-ins, wade-ins, and inciting or encouraging such acts,† was issued.MLK and Ralph Abernathy were arrested for parading without a permit the following day, Good Friday. 15 16 Many were outraged that the biggest leader in the national civil rights movement was unjustly arrested for a peaceful protest in Birmingham. Following MLK and Abernathyâ€℠¢s arrests, eight white clergymen released â€Å"A Call for Unity,† an article that was intended for African Americans in the Birmingham community who had been protesting in the past weeks. The article used words like â€Å"impatient† to describe blacks and also warned about joining â€Å"outsiders† in their demonstrations, referring to MLK. 7 While in jail, MLK wrote a direct response to his â€Å"fellow clergymen† entitled â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail. † The first issue he addressed in the letter was his reason for being in Birmingham. MLK says, â€Å"[I] am here because I was invited here,† and also, â€Å"I am here because injustice is here. † These were direct responses to the questions posed by the clergymen in â€Å"A Call for Unity. † Next, he explained the four basic steps of any nonviolent campaign: collection of facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action.MLK believed the people of Birmingham had gone through all of these steps. Also, he addressed the injustices that African Americans had faced in the Birmingham courts, as well as the numerous unsolved bombings. MLK then explained why his associates and he â€Å"[did not] give the new city administration time to act. † He states that the new city administration must be pressured early in order for them to act. Also, he states that although Boutwell is a â€Å"much more gentle person the Mr. Connor†¦we are sadly mistaken if we feel that the election of Albert Boutwell will bring the millennium to Birmingham. Later in his letter, MLK explained that he believes segregation is a sin because is denies African Americans their basic human rights. He also says that one has a â€Å"moral responsibility† to disobey unjust laws. Then, he explains the difference in a just law and an unjust law. â€Å"A just law is a man made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God . An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law†¦One who breaks an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly, and with a willingness to accept the penalty. MLK also discusses that he is upset with the white moderate because they are more concerned with keeping order than attaining justice. The main focus of the letter is to help spread the message of civil disobedience. MLK believed this was the best way for African Americans to achieve their goals. Throughout the letter, he used strong language but was never offensive. The response was widely published and has since become very famous. 18 The Campaign continued throughout April with various demonstrations that achieved little success.However, James Bevel, a minister who played a big part in the Nashville Student movement and who had been called in to work alongside MLK, had been planning a big series of events. For weeks Bevel had been meeting with local elementary and high school students in the Birmingham sc hool districts. He had been teaching children how to protest without using violence. If students did not demonstrate an ability to handle verbal, and sometimes physical, assault without retaliating, they were not allowed to join Bevel’s cause.When he finally felt his students had been trained well enough, Bevel instructed them to march from the 16th Street Baptist Church to Birmingham’s City Hall to protest city segregation laws. Bevel chose to use kids to help his cause because he believed most people would have the decency to not harm the children; however this was not always true. The demonstrations began on May 2, which earned the nickname â€Å"D-Day† from many. Over the next five days, thousands of student protestors where arrested which filled the jails to maximum capacity. This did little to diminish their spirits. Thousands more lined the streets. Bull† Connor, the Head of Police at the time, ordered the use of fire hoses and police dogs to help p ut an end to the Children’s Campaign. 19 20 On May 5, Fred Shuttlesworth was hospitalized after being knocked off of his feet by a blast from a fire hose. Connor was quoted saying that he was upset that he had missed seeing this happen and that he wished â€Å"he had been carried away in a hearse. †21 One white man attempted to run his car into demonstrators and was arrested. 22 When pictures of fire hoses and police dogs being used on children were released in newspapers, the incident gained national attention.Ironically, by defending segregation so fervently, â€Å"Bull† Connor actually drew national attention to the civil rights movement and hastened the passage of major civil rights legislation. After hearing of what had happened during the Children’s Campaign, President Kennedy asked MLK to stop using children in his protests. When King relayed the message to Bevel, he refused. He then instructed the student’s to prepare to March to Washington . This caught JFK’s attention. The president and his team began collaborating with the SCLC on a comprehensive civil rights bill, considered by some as a step in the right direction for America.A March was still organized in Washington, however it was not to protest. Instead, over two hundred and fifty thousand people came to Washington in August of 1963 to show their support for the bill. 23 On May 8, the SCLC met with many local business leaders to form a compromise to end the Birmingham Campaign. Fred Shuttlesworth was so disgusted with the agreement he checked himself out of the hospital in order to confront the leaders of the SCLC for giving in. He believed the compromise was unacceptable because it lacked any serious concessions from Birmingham’s white community.The SCLC met again with the business leaders and a modified compromise was agreed upon. On May 10, at the A. G. Gaston Motel, MLK announced the end of the Birmingham Campaign while Shuttlesworth fielded q uestions. 24 Although the Birmingham Campaign was over, the local civil rights movement continued. Birmingham’s white community did not embrace the compromise that ended the campaign. For example, public parks were not reopened for nearly two months. 25 One of the stipulations of the compromise involved releasing of non-violent protestors from jail, including A.D. King. After his release on May 11, King returned to his home. Later that night, members of the Ku Klux Klan bombed his residence, but the family was able to escape. Another bombing at the A. G. Gaston Motel occurred the same night, and riots began in the streets of Birmingham. 26 The African American citizens were outraged by the bombings. Nearly three thousand rioters gathered in downtown Birmingham after the bombing of the motel. Wyatt Walker arrived quickly and pleaded with the citizens to disperse to their homes.Several rioters began throwing rocks at policemen, making this one of the few events where African Am ericans were violent. Walker and A. D. King asked all those who would not protest peacefully to leave. They knew that if policemen got hurt, it would be bad news for the black citizens. By 4:00 A. M. fifty people were harmed in the riots, including one police officer that was stabbed. 27 The civil rights movement continued in Birmingham throughout the summer. On June 11, JFK announced in an address to the nation that he was committed to the Civil rights movement.His attention had previously been focused on the Cold War, however the local leaders as well as MLK had pushed the issue. In Birmingham however, little progress had been made. Governor Wallace, in an attempt to fight segregation, ordered all city schools to be closed. 28 JFK called in the National Guard to reopen and integrate the schools. 29 Although it took nearly two months, Birmingham City Parks were reopened. On September 15, Ku Klux Klan member Bobby Frank Cherry bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church, which had been a rallying point for the movement, and four African American girls were killed. 0 Many considered this to be the turning point in the national civil rights movement. An article in the Milwaukee Sentinel read, â€Å"The Birmingham church bombing should serve to goad the conscience. The deaths†¦in a sense are on the hands of each of us. †31 Both the city of Birmingham and Governor Wallace offered a reward for the arrest of the bombers. Many would argue that the Birmingham Campaign had little impact for several reasons. Many of the integration efforts that were proposed in the compromise that ended the Birmingham Campaign were overturned.There were numerous bombings after the campaign had ended, which showed the white community would not embrace the attempted changes without a fight. However, others would argue that the Birmingham Campaign was successful not because of what it accomplished in Birmingham, but for what it accomplished on the national level. The campaign gained national media attention, which helped spread the message of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights to other areas of the nation.The campaign was instrumental in the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Wyatt Tee Walker wrote that the Birmingham Campaign was â€Å"the chief watershed of the nonviolent movement in the United States. †32 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. did play a major role in the national civil rights movement; however, in the case of the Birmingham Campaign, it was a collective group effort from numerous local leaders and MLK that peacefully protested for, and eventually gained, the rights that all American citizens deserve. Fred Shuttlesworth and Wyatt Tee Walker organized Project â€Å"C†.Shuttlesworth was even hospitalized after being hurt during a protest. James Bevel organized perhaps one of the most successful demonstrations of the Birmingham Campaign with the Children’s Crusade. Thi s helped gain attention and support from across the nation. Without the help of these men, as well as other local leaders, MLK would have accomplished very little in Birmingham. Although â€Å"Bull† Connor’s ordering the use of police dogs and fire hoses during protests was cruel and violent, it gained national media attention, which contributed greatly to the success of the Birmingham Campaign.President Kennedy’s cooperation was also crucial in the success of the movement. After the numerous violent acts in Birmingham, JFK announced his commitment to the civil rights movement and was instrumental in the passing of the Civil Rights act of 1964. As one can see, it was a combination of efforts from numerous leaders in Birmingham, the President, and MLK that lead to the eventual desegregation of not only Birmingham, but also the entire nation.

The Community Through Service Oriented Activities

Community Involvement Describe how you demonstrate your commitment to the community through service-oriented activities including volunteer work, civic and other group activities. I am fully committed to bridging the gap between the school and the community. According to an African Proverb, â€Å"It takes a village to raise a child†. The children of today are faced with a myriad of obstacles that they must overcome in order to be successful. My commitment begins with taking the school to the community. We begin our school year with a field trip through the communities that we serve. It is imperative to see where our students come from so that we can begin to foster relationships with the students and parents. As an educator, I invest countless hours before and after school tutoring students and parents on the Georgia Standards of Excellence. Parents and students have opportunities to schedule a time to get assistance in any content area. I am highly qualified to teach all subject areas except Scie nce. However, I am very resourceful when it comes to helping our parents and students. I also volunteer to assist our Parent Liaison by providing educational resources for the parent meetings that are hosted at the school. These resources include technology websites and computer resources like Edmodo. This is one way I ensure that I am meeting the needs of all the students and providing necessary support so the parents can help their children at home. Hosting community events isShow MoreRelatedThe Use Of Technology And Officer Education1110 Words   |  5 Pages During the early days of American law enforcement, there were very few guidelines, or policies in place that governed the police forces (Bohm, 2010). It was not uncommon for police officers to pay for their appointments through political connections, which led to the widespread corruption that was common during this time frame. 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